=========================================================
Здравствуйте, Андрей Викторович!
1. Нет, не надо продолжать "списочек"...И так все понятно. Мне понятно, что продолжением перечисления из списка можно убеждать кого-либо в количественных ("мало-много-совсем ничего")характеристиках чего-либо, поименованного в названии списка. Например, "Список городов мира с числом жителей более 1 млн". Или -"Список городов мира с приростом числа жителей исключительно за счет приезжих". Также - "Список городов мира с приростом числа жителей в основном за счет приезжих из деревни". Скажу сразу - без заглядывания в справочник продолжу начатое перечисление из любого вышеупомянутого списка, например, для последнего -"Мехико, Сан Пауло, Манила, Рио-де-Жанейро, Ханой, Богота, Бомбей, ...".
Я не смогу попросить продолжить начатое перечисление не зная наименования Вашего, сударь, списка, и, стало быть, не имея ни малейшей идеи насчет того, что роднит "дорогую мою столицу - золотую мою Москву" с Мехико, Сан Пауло и Манилой.
Манила "ваще" привела меня в восторг, и я сделал запрос к AltaVista - search "Crime Statistics Manila". В первых рядах ответа на запрос было "International Crime statistics link Guide" (www.crime.org/links_intern.html), оттуда - в reports "UN crime and justice profile" (http://www.ifs.univie.ac.at/~uncjin/profiles/philpins.html)
Согласно рапорту, там, на Филиппинах, приезжий в столицу народ - из деревень (rural migrants), селятся они в основном в Metro Manila и посему этот район Манилы имеет the highest rate of crime. The majority этих деревенских мигрантов составляют молодые люди в возрасте 15-29 лет. Две трети (2/3) всех преступлений в Manila совершено людьми этой возрастной группы (15-29 лет). А если взять преступления, связанные с наркотиками (drug offences), то из всех таких преступлений в Manile:
3.86% - на доле 14-летних и моложе
38% - вклад 15-19-летних
38.66%- были 20-24 years old.
Андрей Викторович, так какой заветно-секретный "списочек" предлагается продолжить? Мне - так и не понятно...
2. Нет, не слышал я про фавелы. И - нет мне дела до непрописанных из бразильской сельвы...
Меня больше занимает другое - почему мне никогда не удавалось организовать обреченно-смиренную очередь в ЖЭКе, сберкассе, паспортных столах (а еще ранее - и винно-водочных queues) на элементарный конкретный бунт против КОНКРЕТНОГО проявления произвола и волокиты со стороны КОНКРЕТНЫХ исполнителей законов-постановлений? Все почему-то с легкостью и удовольствием ругают городскую власть вообще и ее руководителей, сбившись в кучки на улице для перекура, и, возвратившись в очередь, как первоклассники внимают вышедшей на шум паспортистке (а я просто встал спиной к двери и перекрыл кислород всем желающим не стоять в очереди к окошку, говоря - "деньги за справку можете давать мне"), и всего то сказавшей, вернее, процедившей - "Это ты тут такой умный?". А ведь жэковцы-паспортистки-милиционеры являются и щупальцами, и сенсорными датчиками обратной связи той самой городской власти, отдающей-принимающей разные распоряжения...
Понимаю, можно по-разному организовать проведение любой кампании, включая и сомнительную перерегистрацию. Но чем можно обьяснить, например, такое - вот как-то стояли впереди меня в одной очереди человек эдак 10, все они узнали о том что и как требуется только вошедши вовнутрь кабинета, но никто из них, вышедши обратно, даже словом не обмолвился с очередниками о том, что их ждет внутри, по существу набора требуемых справок и документов, одни и сплошные эмоции со связующими словами и придаточными предложениями, не говоря уже о том, чтобы спокойно и за 5 минут настрочить списочек нагло требуемых документов, на простом листе бумаги, и прикрепить его у входа...Вот такие "фавелы"...
Sorry за задержку с ответом,
позубоскалить есть время только в выходные,
Ваш покорный слуга,
Виктор Ангелов.
Appendix:
UN Profile - Republic of the Philippines
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.0. GENERAL BACKGROUND
The Republic of the Philippines, with Manila as its national capital, is a
cluster of 7 080 islands which has a present population of 58 million inhabiting
an area of 300 000 square kilometres, and is subdivided into 13 regions
(including Metro Manira) consisting of 73 provinces, 61 cities, 1 448 towns or
municipalities, and 34 330 barangays (villages).
The annual population growth rate is approximately 2.5% with an approximate
life expectancy rate at birth of 63 years. Of the total population of 58
million registered in 1988, approximately 22 million or 47% represented youth
between 7 and 24 years.
Approximately 50% of the population is Catholic, while the remaining half of
the people are followers of Islam, Buddhism or other religious traditions.
The Republic of the Philippines proclaimed her independence on 4 July 1946,
after a long history of Spanish and American domination. The government
advocates a principle of separation of the legislative, executive and judicial
but with a system of checks and balances.
The new constitution, adopted in February 1987, has an all-embracing expanded
Bill of Rights. The traditional guarantees of the rights to life, liberty,
prosperity, due process of law equal protection under the law have been
strengthened. Freedom of speech, the press, assembly, freedom of travel and
abode have been fortified. The 1987 Constitution also specifically provides for
the abolition of the death penalty, `unless for compelling reasons involving
heinous crimes, the congress will hereafter provide for it'.
The gross national product was $29.96 billion ($535 per capita) in 1986. The
national unemployment rate rose to 12.5% in 1985; however, in the Metro Manira
area, the centre of industrial activity and the nation's most populous area
which contains approximately 80% of the nation's business and industry, the
unemployment rate increased from 17.5% in 1983 to 24.9% in 1985. In response to
the problems affecting the socio-economic conditions of the people, the
government has carried out a series of five-year development plans to address
the current difficulties, and implemented a six-year development plan called the
`Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992'.
The Philippines considers its criminal justice system as a conglomeration of
five vital components, commonly referred to as the five pillars of the criminal
justice system, namely: law enforcement, prosecution, courts, corrections and
the community. The criminal justice system flow models appear in Figure 1.
FIGURE 1
The Police
Philippine Constabulary/Integrated National Police: The duly constituted
national police agency within the territorial limits of the Philippines is the
Integrated National Police (INP). Established in 1976 by Presidential Decree
No.765, INP is composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) as nucleus, and
local police forces, the fire service and gaols all over the country as
components.
Prior to 1966, the Philippine police system was characterised by the existence
of localised and independently organised police forces. Reformation and
improvement of the police service was made possible with the enactment of
Republic Act No. 4864, otherwise known as the Police Act of 1966, which
initiated reforms in training and personnel selection at the national level.
This was subsequently followed by the implementation of the police integration
program, or the establishment of a single police command with national
jurisdiction.
On the other side, established initially as an insular police in 1901, the
Philippine Constabulary (PC) became one of the four major services of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines pursuant to Executive Order No. 389 of 1940.
As provided for in Presidential Decree No. 765 of 1976, local police forces,
fire services and gaol personnel were integrated into the existing PC
organisation and thus INP was established.
National Bureau of Investigation: The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI),
under the Department of Justice, is oriented towards providing needed assistance
to other existing law enforcement agencies. It is patterned after the FBI in
organisation, functions and objectives.
The prosecution: It is the role of the prosecutor to exercise discretion in
screening cases at the preliminary investigation where called on by law to
conduct and to decide whether or not to prosecute. Only cases which establish a
prima facie evidence of guilt should be prosecuted, and the prudent exercise of
prosectorial discretion is limited to determining the sufficiency of evidence to
warrant prosecution. If there is such evidence, the prosecutor cannot,
regardless of convictions, refrain from instituting prosecution. Thus,
notwithstanding other circumstances in the case, the prosecutor is not empowered
to suspend prosecution if there is sufficient evidence of guilt as is the case
in some other countries.
The prosecutor can exercise discretion in setting bail and in plea bargaining
before the trial has formally begun. The prosecutor's discretion, with respect
to bail, is limited by regulations of the Ministry of Justice which prescribe
the rules for fixing the amount of bail to be recommended for each type of crime
under a graduated schedule.
The plea bargaining system which is a recent innovation in the Philippines
involves discussion among the concerned parties for the purpose of negotiating a
satisfactory settlement whereby the defendant offers to enter a guilty plea for
an alternative that may refer to sentence recommendation, reducing the original
charge to a lesser one, or dismissal of other charges related to the same
incident.
Under Presidential Decrees, a number of procedural reforms were instituted
which removed the time consuming process of confrontations and cross
examinations of witnesses during preliminary investigation, and set the time
limit for the resolution of cases heard through preliminary investigation within
ten days from the date of termination of the proceedings. The adoption of these
procedures has streamlined judicial case loads (backlogs).
To investigate graft and corruption the 1973 Constitution created the office
of the Tanodbayan (Ombudsman). This office was constitutionally mandated to
investigate and prosecute cases pertaining to government officials and
employees. Under the 1987 Constitution, this office was renamed the Office of
the Special Prosecutor.
The court
The Philippines has decreed important and effective measures to hasten the
speedy disposition of criminal cases. The Judiciary Reorganisation Act of 1980
deals with the jurisdiction and reorganisation of the courts. The adoption of
Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure by the Supreme Court in 1985 will also
contribute to more speedy trial and disposition of cases. To further relieve
court case load, a Constitutional Court (Sandigang bayan) was established to try
and adjudicate cases involving graft and corruption by government officials.
Pursuant to the Judiciary Reorganisation Act of 1980, the former Court of
Appeals will now be known as the Intermediate Appellate Court (IAC) which is
composed of a Presiding Appelate Justice and 44 Associate Appellate Justices.
IAC exercises its powers, duties and functions through 9 divisions (4, 2 and 3
shall be known as Civil Cases, Criminal Cases and Special Cases Divisions,
respectively), each division is composed of 5 members.
The courts of first instance are now known as the Regional Trial Courts (RTC).
13 RTCs are organised and created in the 13 judicial regions throughout the
country entailing the creation of 624 branches/Regional Trial Judges. These
courts exercise appellate jurisdiction over all cases decided by the
Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial
Courts. RTC also exercise exclusive original jurisdictions in all criminal
cases, not within the exclusive original jurisdiction of any court, tribunal
person or body, except those now falling under the exclusive and concurrent
jurisdiction of the Sandigang bayan.
The lowest level in the hierarchy of courts consist of the Metropolitan Trial
Courts, Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Courts. Metropolitan Trial
Courts will be created in each Metropolitan Area, Municipal Trial Courts in
other cities or municipalities and Municipal Circuit Trial Court in each Circuit
Cities and/or municipalities as grouped together pursuant to law.
The correction and the after-care
Gaols and prisons: The gaol and prison system of the country consist of three
categories:
i) The municipal and city gaols under the administration of the integrated
national police for offenders that are convicted by municipal and city courts to
serve imprisonment not exceeding 6 months;
ii) The provincial gaol under the administration of the provincial Governors
of the provinces for offenders convicted by the municipal and city courts to
prison sentences over 6 months but less than 3 years, for other offenders whose
cases are being tied to the Courts of First Instance who cannot put up bail for
their temporary liberty; and
iii) The National Prison System under the Bureau of Prisons of the Ministry
of Justice for convicted offenders by the courts to serve prison sentences for
more than 3 years.
There are more than 1 500 correctional institutions in the Philippines: 8
national prisons; 72 provincial gaols; and 55 city and 1 447 municipal gaols.
For several decades, overcrowding of the various prisons and other
correctional institutions, in terms of an increase in both convicted and remand
prisoners, has been a severe problem, and a series of reforms were introduced to
ameliorate this condition. A number of laws have been enacted which allow the
release of offenders in particular circumstances.
Treatment for juveniles: Outside the jurisdiction of gaols and prisons,
correctional services are available for juvenile delinquents.
The Child and Youth Welfare Code of 1974 enacted under Presidential Decree No.
603 provides for the protection and care of youthful offenders. The segregation
of juvenile from adult offenders has been made mandatory under the law. Two
National Training Schools, one for boys and one for girls, are maintained and
administered by the Bureau of Youth and Child Welfare under the Ministry of
Social Services and Development. After being tried and found guilty of
committing offences, the youth offenders, instead of being convicted by the
court, are committed to the care of the Ministry of School Services and
Development of other authorised agencies or persons until they reach the age of
21 or are released by the court through suspension of sentence or probation.
Probation and parole: Probation as a form of correctional treatment has been
available to delinquent children below 16 years of age under Presidential Decree
No. 603 as amended by Presidential Decree No. 1177. It is also available to
drug users convicted under the Dangerous Drug Act if they are under 20 years of
age.
Since January 1978, probation has been available to qualified adult first
offenders, sentenced by the court to final judgement for a prison term not
exceeding 6 years. Adult probation was re-introduced in the Philippines after a
lapse of 39 years by the signing on 1976 of Presidential Decree No. 968 known as
the Adult Probation Law.
Parole decisions are made by the Board of Pardons and Parole under the
Ministry of Justice. Parole supervision is maintained by parole officers in the
Greater Manila Area and is administered by municipal judges with varying degrees
of success for parolees outside of Manila.
General trends in crime
The general trends in crime from 1980 to 1988 are reflected in statistics on the
volume of the crimes recorded to the police (Table 1) and the crime rate (Table
2).
TABLE 1
Crime Volume
All
of the Index
Crimes Crimes
1980 132997 67452
1981 142771 79231
1982 153691 85337
1983 160350 93003
1984 167336 99365
1985 169815 100836
1986 172872 102187
1987 179235 117847
1988 183353 107114
TABLE 2
Crime Rate
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
All Crimes 270 288 302 308 315 312 309 312 312
Index Crimes 139 151 168 170 187 185 182 205 182
Source: 1989 National Crime Prevention Program/National Police Commission of the
Philippines, Asia no Keiji Shihho (Criminal Justice in Asia) / Edited by Hideo
Utsuro)
Notes: These numbers are recorded when a particular law enforcement office
begins to take initial statements of complainants or when reports or incidents
are being reflected on the police blotter.
`Crime Rate' means the volume of crimes per 100 000 inhabitants.
`Index Crimes' includes murder; homicide; physical injuries, robbery; theft and
rape.
The data for 1988 are projected number.
There has been a continuing upward trend in the Philippines crime volume from
1980 to 1988. The highest increase in crime volume was recorded between 1986
and 1987 with crime volumes of 172 872 and 179 235, respectively or an increase
of 6 363 or 3.68%. The crime volume for 1988 is projected to reach 183 353,
indicating an increase of 16 017 or 9.5% over the five year (1984-1988) period.
The 1988 projection also shows that index crimes would rise to 107 114 or a
projected increase of 7 749 or 7.8% over the 1984 figure of 99 365. The upward
pattern for index crimes is true for all crimes under this category. Theft and
physical injuries ranked first and second with a crime volume of 36 612 and 28
579, respectively, robbery ranked third, with 17 782.
The country's crime rate stood at 246 in 1971, dipped to 144 in 1975, then
increased in 1980 to 270. From 1984 to 1987, a slight decrease was observed
with 315 in 1984 and 312 in 1987. As projected, the 1988 crime rate will remain
constant relative to 1987.
Index crimes totalled 187 in 1984 and reached 205 in 1987. The 1988 projected
index crime rate of 182 shows a decrease of 23 or 11.22% compared with the 1987
index crime rate. As in the previous years, theft and physical injuries will
rank first and second at the rate of 62 and 49, respectively.
Highly urbanised Metro Manila has the highest rate of crime. This area
attracts and accommodates a large number of rural migrants seeking improved
living standards. The majority of this migrant group belongs to the 15 to 29
year age bracket, and crime figures for the year 1980 indicate that two-thirds
of criminal offenders were in this age group.
As the youthful population continues to grow, an increasing portion of urban
youth are being forced to join the ranks of the disadvantaged which presents an
explosive potential for an increase in juvenile delinquency. These young people
can become vulnerable to criminal activity, labour exploitation, sexual abuse
and drug addiction. With respect to reported drug offences, out of total drug
cases for 1986, 3.36% involved youths 14 years or younger, 38% were 15-19 years
old, and 38.66% were 20-24 years old.
Selected offences (intentional homicide, assault, theft, Robbery)
The total number of admissions to the national prison by selected offences
between 1982 to 1986 are shown on Table 3.
TABLE 3
Admissions to the National Prison per Year
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Int. Homicide 310 515 589 571 503
Assault 14 6 2 - 8
Theft 150 210 247 310 264
Robbery 340 598 585 346 527
Source: National Prison Data/Bureau of Prisons of the Philippines.
Note: `Admissions' includes sentenced prisoners, detentioned suspects and
safekeeped offenders.
As table 3 shows, the number of admissions by homicide registered the highest
increase between 1982 and 1983. The number peaked at 589 in 1984 and decreased
in the following years.
As aforesaid, index crimes per 100 000 population was 187 in 1984 and reached
205 in 1987. As in the previous years, theft and physical injuries will rank
first and second at the rate of 62 and 49, respectively.
The 1988 projection number for index crimes is 107 114. Theft and physical
injuries ranked first and second with a crime volume of 36 612 and 28 579,
respectively. Robbery ranked third, with 17 782.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.1. STATISTICS --BACKGROUND
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2. CRIMINAL JUSTICE STATISTICS (1970-1980) Background
Insert notes and exceptions to the general definitions and recording practices.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.3. Offenses Reported To The Police
Crime Years Total Numbers
MURDER 70-75 11020 2568
MURDER 75-80 1120 2368 2260 3546 4313 4971
ASSAULT 70-75 4176 3895
ASSAULT 75-80 4645 4880 5043 7025 12152 16109
SEX CRIME 70-75 918 856
RAPE 75-80 648 1040 916 762 902 1190
ROBBERY 70-75 5694 11058
ROBBERY 75-80 5785 6315 8268 10593 11679 13823
THEFT 70-75 14693 25940
THEFT 75-80 17003 16687 18224 18183 20794 23339
FRAUD 70-75
FRUAD 75-80 M M M M M M
KIDNAPING 70-75
KIDNAPING 75-80 M M M M M M
TOTAL CRIMES
70-75 91832 85610
75-80 78374 79938 80681 113029 57506 M
DRUG USE 70-75
DRUG CRIMES
75-80 M M 827 753 1061 1257
DRUG TRAFFIC
70-75
75-80
BRIBERY 70-75
BRIBERY 75-80 M M M M M M
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.4. Offenders apprehended or arrested
OFFENDERS 70-75
OFFENDERS 75-80 8251 18157 12651 20983 15264 5686
JUVENILES 70-75
JUVENILES 75-80 1239 2442 1608 2910 2167 759
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.5. Offenders Convicted
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.6. Sanctions - Background
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.7. Prison Statistics
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.8. Criminal Justice Personnel and resources - background
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.9. Criminal Justice Resources Statistics
POLICE 1973
POLICE 75-80 47456 47456 47694 53309 53934 54358
JUDGES 1973 M
PROSEC 70-72 804 840 864 1112
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.0. CRIMINAL JUSTICE STATISTICS (1980-1985)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1. Offenses Reported To The Police
---No Data----------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2. Offenders apprehended or arrested
---No Data---------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.3. Offenders Convicted
---No Data---------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.4. Prisoners
Prison Admissions
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
TOTAL M M 3952 3570 3136 3135 3017
INT.HOM. M M 310 515 589 571 503
NON.INT.HOM. M M 980 922 776 694 730
ASSAULT M M 14 6 2 M 8
RAPE M M 143 157 90 32 73
ROBBERY M M 340 598 585 346 527
THEFT M M 150 210 247 310 264
FRAUD M M 270 190 79 217 16
KIDNAPPING M M 157 15 3 4 28
DRUG POSS. M M 350 210 368 380 375
Convicted Prisoners
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
TOTAL M M 2589 2940 2112 3106 2940
INT.HOM. M M 198 490 275 570 452
NON.INT.HOM. M M 976 910 823 643 917
ASSAULT M M 10 M 2 M 6
RAPE M M 125 157 60 32 55
ROBBERY M M 335 595 460 341 464
THEFT M M 150 205 127 290 256
FRAUD M M 270 190 72 217 8
KIDNAPPING M M 150 8 9 3 25
DRUG POSS. M M 210 190 14 376 365
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.5. Criminal Justice Resources Statistics
CRJ Personnel
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
PROSECUTORS 1363 1123 1134
MAN.SRF.-ADULT 91 119 190
CUST.STF. 1381 1306 1348
TREAT.STF.-ADULT 806 614 842
OTHER STF.-ADULT 0 0 0
MAN.STF.-JUV. 6 6 6
CUST.STF.-JUV. 188 182 188
TREAT.STF.-JUV. 0 0 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.0. Selected Issues
Pre-trial detention: In the Philippines, many inmates confined in city and
municipal gaols are prisoners awaiting or undergoing trial. Some of them are
confined because they pose grave risks to society, but a larger group is
detained simply because they cannot afford bail. The resulting high rate of
detention is said to be the major cause of overcrowding in gaols. To reduce the
number of detained prisoners other than through bail, release on recognizance or
into the custody of social services (in the case of indigents) or parents (in
the case of juvenile delinquents) are measures that are commonly practiced. A
number of laws have been enacted which allow the release of offenders in the
following circumstances:
a) persons charged with violations which carry a penalty not higher than
imprisonment of one to six months and/or a fine of P2 000 or both;
b) offenders who have undergone preventive imprisonment during their trial
are allowed full time credit;
c) offenders who have undergone preventive imprisonment equal to or more than
the maximum prison sentence which could be imposed.
Under this system, it is reported that these measures have reduced to a great
extent the number of people detained in gaols.
Crime prevention activities
As early as 1976, the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM), a government
agency, published the `National Strategy to reduce crime under the new society',
a multi-sectoral and interdisciplinary strategy to reduce crime in the
Philippines through the active participation of and coordination among the five
pillars of the criminal justice system.
The `National Strategy to Reduce Crime in the 1980's', the follow-up strategy
to the `National Strategy to Reduce Crime under the New Society', seeks to
attain the following objectives and targets within a span of five years (1985-
1989).
1) To promote the security of persons and property;
2) To provide fair and humane treatment of suspects;
3) To provide effective rehabilitation of offenders; and
4) To
